This led to the Voyages of Discovery by the Spanish Conquistadors and Portuguese explorers like Vasco de Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator. The rest of Europe at that time was really no wealthier than China, the Middle East, or South Asia. Angela Merkel is now into her third term in office, and it has a historical dimension – not just because she is at the xenith of her power, but because Konrad Adenauer is the only chancellor before her to have had such a strong standing after a similar amount of time in office. Even in a traditional realist assessment of balance of power resources, neither the US nor Europe are likely to threaten the vital or important interests of the other side. Firstly Europe was a continent of many small competing states. Many of the conquering European kingdoms were extremely powerful and unified, and any with a lack of manpower (Portugal and the Dutch) made up for it with relative wealth. Pines and the like just shoot straight up into the sky, making them extremely easy to work with. [iii] Chris Patten, “What Is Europe to Do?” New York Review of Books, March 11, 2010, p. 12. The reason European countries wanted more colonies was that colonies helped countries accumulate wealth and … For that to happen, the countries have to be small and close to one another. Rome lost to the Pyrrhus, the Mithridates, and in the Hannibal wars. What are three reason why European countries needed or wanted colonies? [ii] Pippa Norris, “Global Governance and Cosmopolitan Citizens,” in Nye and Donahue, eds., Governance in a Globalizing World (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2000), p. 157. Medieval Europe: Europe's medieval period lasted from the fall of Rome in the 5th century to the spread of the Renaissance in the 15th century. 406-7. For example, how did states get the ability to impose heavy taxes? It's just fascinating. The book also reminds us that in a world where there are hostile powers, we really don't want to get rid of spending on improving military technology. Greek Empire. While you think Rome is powerful, they also lost a significant number of battles. The difficult business of containing Germany — so large, so rich, and so powerful — must be the key to Britain’s policy in Europe, wrote the head of the Foreign Office more than 100 years ago. King Henry ruled the Holy Roman Empire and he appointed clergy to gain power and Pope Gregory VII found out and banned King Henry from the church. Pines and the like just shoot straight up into the sky, making them extremely easy to work with. Its lack of vision, divisions, obsession with legal frameworks, unwillingness to project military power, and sclerotic economy are contrasted with a United States more dominant even than Rome…But the problem is not Europe – it is our outdated understanding of power.”[vii]. Unfortunately, they seem to have a relatively short … This advantage endures even today!! So more spending would not only mean greater odds of victory over an enemy, but more rapid change in military technology. Native peoples also suffered heavy population losses due to the diseases the Europeans introduced. I've looked at changes in technology that influence agriculture, and I've studied the development of financial markets, and in between those two, I was also studying why financial crises occur. As The Economist noted, “talk of Europe’s relative decline seems to be everywhere just now….You may hear glum figures about Europe’s future weight and with some reason. Those improvements can help at times when wars are necessary—for instance, when we are fighting against enemies with whom we cannot negotiate. Religion: one major reason why Europe's labor unions are so powerful By The Wilson Quarterly Why do 70% of European workers have collective bargaining, while only 13% of their US counterparts do? That comes down to the political costs of raising revenue and a leader's ability to tax. They were able to exploit the feuds of the Americans, Africans, Muslims and Asians in order to conduct deals, gaining them land and increasing their influence slowly. They were well organized, came from the wealthiest families and well educated. Predictions of European decline rely on an outmoded understanding of power. So, I put together an economic model of how this technology has advanced to come up with what I think is the real reason why the West conquered almost everyone else. The political dominance of western Europe was an unexpected outcome and had really big consequences, so I thought: let's explain it. They competed more with each other through war, which meant that they were forced to develop better technologies that helped. Nor is economic divorce likely. Personally, I would much rather see expenditures devoted to infrastructure, or scientific research, or free preschool for everybody—things that would carry big economic benefits—but in this world, I don't think you can stop doing military research or spending money on the military. In other words, what is Europe’s power conversion capability? Europeans have also been important pioneers and played central roles in international institutions. A thousand years ago, no one would have ever expected that result, for at that point western Europe was hopelessly backward. The Celts are a mysterious people who played a very important role in the history of ancient Europe. In soft power, European cultures have long had a wide appeal in the rest of the world, and the sense of a Europe uniting around Brussels has had a strong attraction for its neighbors. The British Empire. I wish we did live in that world, but unfortunately it's not realistic. You have been on the Caltech faculty for more than 30 years. The technology grew to include more than just guns: armed ships, fortifications that can resist artillery, and more, and the Europeans became the best at using these things. And on issues that require power with rather than over others, the Europeans have impressive capacity. In the cyber world, the EU is setting the global standards for privacy protection. In some ways, the inevitable frictions between the two continents show a closeness rather than a distance. In military terms, Europe spends less than half of what the United States does on defense, but has more men under arms, and includes two countries that possess nuclear arsenals. Hoffman's work is published in a new book titled Why Did Europe Conquer the World? Vikings are believed to be the first Europeans that have reached the Americas and established colonies in Greenland that survived for 400 years (they have been sailing to Iceland but ended up in Greenland instead). Legal integration is increasing, and European Court verdicts have compelled member countries to change policies. The charts that show why Italy matters so much to Europe. The Chinese invited the leaders of India, Brazil and South Africa. Europeans have also been important pioneers and played central roles in international institutions. All Europeans (except after the Orthodox Schism) payed tithes to him and homage so he could grant them favour with God. Europe has built up an economic union but not a defence union. One big factor that's important to the advancement of any defense technology is how much money a political leader can spend. The Catholic Church's power in the Middle Ages was primarily derived from a combination of belief, money and illiteracy. Instead, Europe is starting to look like the loser in a new geopolitical order dominated by the U.S. and emerging powers led by China….No Europeans were invited when U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao held the make-or-break meeting on Dec. 18 that brokered the modest Copenhagen accord. Although the American economy is four times larger than Germany’s, the total economy of the European Union is slightly larger than that of the U.S. in purchasing power parity, and Europe’s population of nearly 500 million is considerably larger than America’s 300 million. I suppose an element of this is due to the fact that they are long-haul destinations for them (anywhere far away is bound to be more exciting and exotic) but the Yanks are on to something, Europe really is the most romantic continent on earth. The pope was the most powerful man in Medieval Europe because he was ( to Europeans) the only medium between God and Man. She will go down in German and European history as a leader with a huge amount of staying power at the ve… Instead, the Catholic Church began to grow in power and influence, eventually becoming the dominant power in Europe (although this was not without struggle). That was a really great question and it got me interested. Thus Europeans ended up with superior, more powerful navies. On all issues that require power with - rather than over - others, Europe has impressive capacity. For all the complaints about Hollywood films or McDonald’s, no one forces Europeans to eat there, though millions do each year. In 1914, really only China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire had escaped becoming European colonies. Andrew Moravcsik, “Europe: The Quiet Superpower,”, Regarding Pro Wrestling, North America will remain as a super power! Joseph Nye is a Harvard University Distinguished Services Professor, and a former chair of the US National Intelligence Council. It is also true that American consumers can benefit from European efforts to raise standards in anti-trust actions or internet privacy. Ruthless Colonial Exploitation & Expansion Gave Europe Prosperity! The European Union is economically 12 times larger than Russia; a huge potential power. Over the years I've been interested in a number of different things, and this new work puts together a lot of bits of my research. Direct investment in both directions is higher than with Asia and helps knit the economies together. Disease can't explain, for example, the colonization of India, because people in southeast Asia had the same immunity to disease that the Europeans did. so the Europeans had so much power and used it to their advantage of gaining respect. New technology, flexibility in labor markets, strong venture capital and an entrepreneurial culture make the American market attractive to European investors. To many Americans (for example) Europe is the ultimate travel experience. That meeting and Europe’s absence was the ‘seminal image’ of 2009.”, The political scientist Andrew Moravcsik makes a similar argument that European nations, singly and collectively, are the only states other than the U.S. able to “exert global influence across the full spectrum from ‘hard’ to ‘soft’ power. The creation of the European Monetary Union and the launching of the Euro at the beginning of 1999 made Europe’s role in monetary affairs and the International Monetary Fund nearly equal to that of the U.S. (though the 2010 crisis over Greek debt dented confidence in the Euro.) Roman Empire. By 2060, it may account for just 6% – and almost a third of these will be more than 65 years old.”[v] Europe does face severe demographic problems, but size of population is not highly correlated with power, and “predictions of Europe’s downfall have a long history of failing to materialize.” In the 1980s, analysts spoke of Euro-sclerosis and a crippling malaise, but in the ensuing decades Europe showed impressive growth and institutional development. The United States spends 2.7 per cent –twice as much as Europe – on universities and R&D. The pope was the most powerful man in Medieval Europe because he was ( to Europeans) the only medium between God and Man. Until the Spring crisis of 2010 when fiscal problems in Greece and elsewhere created anxiety in financial markets, many economists speculated that the Euro might some day replace the dollar as the world’s primary reserve currency. It started after I gave an undergraduate here a book to read about gunpowder technology, how it was invented in China and used in Japan and Southeast Asia, and how the Europeans got very good at using it, which fed into their successful conquests. The European Countries are powerful because they've got a strong culture and a large amount of People. A: When the Turks closed off the routes to India, it forced European powers to find an alternative route. In soft power, European cultures have long had a wide appeal in the rest of the world, and the sense of a Europe uniting around Brussels has had a strong attraction for its neighbors. This season, the Premier League is fulfilling Mourinho’s words and proving just why it has a greater appeal than the other leagues. Helmut Kohl and Helmut Schmidt came close, but neither were in as strong a position as she is at such a late stage in their chancellorships. If you think about it, you realize that advancements in gunpowder technology—which are important for conquest—arise where political leaders fight using that technology, where they spend huge sums on it, and where they're able to share the resulting advances in that technology. The Chinese invented gunpowder, but Hoffman, whose work applies economic theory to historical contexts, argues that certain political and economic circumstances allowed the Europeans to advance gunpowder technology at an unprecedented rate—allowing a relatively small number of people to quickly take over much of the rest of the globe. __________________________________________________________, The closest thing to an equal that the United States faces at the beginning of the 21st century is the European Union. You'll still need to back up the peace with armed forces, but you won't actually fight all that much, and that's a much better outcome. These heavy, strong, canon-wielding ships were far superior in clout than anything the other powers could come up with. How is your theory different? Over the decades Europe has seen alternations between excessive optimism and bouts of “Euro-pessimism” such as the current period. In terms of relative power, if the EU endeavored to become a global challenger to the United States in a traditional realist balance of power, these assets might counter American power. But in an increasingly networked and interdependent world, it has become the global standard.” [vi] As the director of the European Council on Foreign Relations put it, “the conventional wisdom is that Europe’s hour has come and gone. On questions of trade and influence within the World Trade Organization, Europe is the equal of the United States and able to balance American power. Many of the conquering European kingdoms were extremely powerful and unified, and any with a lack of manpower (Portugal and the Dutch) made up for it with relative wealth. [vi] Stefan Theil, “The Modest Superpower,” Newsweek, November 16, 2009, p. 41. But something like the smallpox epidemic that ravaged Mexico when the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés overthrew the Aztec Empire just isn't the whole story of Cortés's victory or of Europe's successful colonization of other parts of the world. The political scientist Andrew Moravcsik makes a similar argument that European nations, singly and collectively, are the only states other than the U.S. able to “exert global influence across the full spectrum from ‘hard’ to ‘soft’ power. How did this work? What made you turn to the idea of gunpowder technology as an explanation? And the more that the political leaders spend, the better their chances of defeating other leaders and, in the long run, of dominating the other cultures. Insofar as the term retains any meaning, the world is. Speaking of … Another explanation, described in Jared Diamond's famous book [Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies], is disease. They were well organized, came from the wealthiest families and well educated. I'd given it to him because the use of this technology is related to politics and fiscal systems and taxes, and as he was reading it, he noted that the book did not give the ultimate cause of why Europe in particular was so successful. What led you to investigate the global conquests of western Europe? So it is easier to succeed. Andrew Marr looks at why it is that German chancellor Angela Merkel is making such a profound mark on the lives of everyone in Europe, on the eve of her visit to the UK. As The Economist speculated a decade ago, in terms of military security, it is possible that “by about 2030, both Europe and America will be having the same trouble with some other part of the world” such as Russia, China and Muslim southwest Asia.[ix]. Saxons & Vikings & the Dutch, French and German Empires ect are all Europeans and claimed much islands and colony's to gain recourse's to build their empires from their neighbouring powerful nations. There's a reason central Europe removed so many of it's mixed coniferous forests with coniferous monocultures. Europe has built up an economic union but not a defence union. Such enemies existed in the past—they were fighting for glory on the battlefield or victory over an enemy of the faith—and one could argue that they pose a threat today as well. Why was the Roman Catholic Church so powerful in medieval Europe quizlet? Many theories purport to … For example, that Europe became industrialized more quickly and therefore became wealthier than the rest of the world. It was the wealthiest and most military powerful empire in the Muslim world. However, at its peak, the Romans formed one of the empires that controlled the largest part of Europe and the Mediterranean. Instead, European governments (and the IMF) had to organize a $925 million rescue program to try to restore market confidence, and German Chancellor Angela Merkel warned that if the Euro fails, “then not only the currency fails…Europe will fail, and with it the idea of European unity.”, Over the decades Europe has seen alternations between excessive optimism and bouts of “Euro-pessimism” such as the current period. Until the Spring crisis of 2010 when fiscal problems in Greece and elsewhere created anxiety in financial markets, many economists speculated that the Euro might some day replace the dollar as the world’s primary reserve currency. They were able to exploit the feuds of the Americans, Africans, Muslims and Asians in order to conduct deals, gaining them land and increasing their influence slowly. Our past contributors have included Jürgen Habermas, Michel Houellebecq and Michael Walzer, among many others. This is an exclusive excerpt from Joseph Nye’s forthcoming book, The Future of Power. Gunpowder was really important for conquering territory; it allows a small number of people to exercise a lot of influence. But even while doing so, these countries defeated powerful empires, the Aztecs of Mexico, the Moors in Southern Spain, the Mughals of India, the Ottomans of Turkey. So that's not the answer—it's something else. Europe has built up an economic union but not a defence union. [x] Power struggles over conflicting interests are likely to remain at a more mundane level. It was the wealthiest and most military powerful empire in the Muslim world. In the words of Lord Patten, a former member of the European Commission, “unlike the US we do not matter everywhere.”[iii]. In terms of economic power, Europe has the world’s largest market, and represents 17 per cent of world trade compared to 12 per cent for the U.S., and Europe dispenses half of the world’s foreign assistance compared to 20 per cent for the U.S. The Industrial Revolution Accelerated This Prosperity By Making Europeans & Then Americans Richer! The spending on war gave leaders a chance to try out new weapons, new armed ships, and new tactics, and to learn from mistakes on the battlefield. There's a reason central Europe removed so many of it's mixed coniferous forests with coniferous monocultures. The History Of European Colonization Of The Americas Sometime during the 11th century was the first of many European colonization endeavors. In some ways, the inevitable frictions between the two continents show a closeness rather than a distance. Caltech's Philip Hoffman, the Rea A. and Lela G. Axline Professor of Business Economics and professor of history, has a new explanation: the advancement of gunpowder technology. I absolutely love travelling to exotic and far-flung destinations, but a few of my recent trips (Dublin and Barcelona) have reminded me how amazingly fortunate I am to live in a country that is so close to so many other countries. 18 April 1951: the Treaty of Paris creates the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). This is the beauty of Europe, and these are endless reasons why why Europe is the best continent in the world. So as an explanation, industrialization doesn't work. [i] Ralph Atkins, “State of the union,” Financial Times, June 1, 2010. A: When the Turks closed off the routes to India, it forced European powers to find an alternative route. At the cultural level, Americans and Europeans have sniped at and admired each other for more than two centuries. Or, that when Europeans began to travel the world, people in other countries did not have the immunity to fight off the diseases they brought with them. The National Intelligence Council report foresees a Europe in 2050 that will be “a hobbled giant distracted by internal bickering and competing national agendas”. Are there any overarching themes to your work? Soft power and hard power are very different, hence why the UK can beat out the US in the former.
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